Development Of Nanotechnology Research Articles

Exosomes: the next-generation therapeutic platform for ischemic stroke

Abstract Current therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke fall short of the desired objective of neurological functional recovery. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new methods for the treatment of this condition. Exosomes are natural cell-derived vesicles that mediate signal transduction between cells under physiological and pathological conditions. They have low immunogenicity, good stability, high delivery efficiency, and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. These physiological properties of exosomes have the potential to lead to new breakthroughs in the treatment of ischemic stroke. The rapid development of nanotechnology has advanced the application of engineered exosomes, which can effectively improve targeting ability, enhance therapeutic efficacy, and minimize the dosages needed. Advances in technology have also driven clinical translational research on exosomes. In this review, we describe the therapeutic effects of exosomes anc their positive roles in current treatment strategies for ischemic stroke, including their anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, autophagy-regulation, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and glial scar formation reduction effects. However, it is worth noting that, despite their significant therapeutic potential, there remains a dearth of standardized characterization methods and efficient isolation techniques capable of producing highly purified exosomes. Future optimization strategies should prioritize the exploration of suitable isolation techniques and the establishment of unified workflows to effectively harness exosomes for diagnostic or therapeutic applications in ischemic stroke. Ultimately, our review aims to summarize our understanding of exosome-based treatment prospects in ischemic stroke and foster innovative ideas for the development of exosome-based therapies.

A Critical Review on Recent Progress of Solution‐Processed Monolayer Assembly of Nanomaterials and Applications

AbstractThe rapid development in nanotechnology has necessitated accurate and efficient assembly strategies for nanomaterials. Monolayer assembly of nanomaterials (MAN) represents a challenging and important architecture to manufacture and is critical in understanding interactions among nanomaterials, solvents, and substrates. MAN enables highly tunable performance in electronic and photonic devices. This review summarizes the recent progress on the methods to achieve MAN and discusses important control factors. Moreover, the importance of MAN is elaborated by a broad range of applications in electronics and photonics. In the end, the opportunities as well as challenges in manufacturing and new applications are outlooked.

Common methodologies for treating environmental issues with nanomaterials

With rapid industrialisation and population growth, the Earths ecological environment now confronts increasingly complex and diverse challenges. Traditional pollution treatment methods, such as activated sludge for sewage and electrostatic precipitation for air pollution, can effectively manage most environmental pollution. However, some pollutants (e.g. metals, organic dyes, gaseous trace pollutants in heavy water) either cannot be addressed by conventional methods or are prohibitively expensive. Hence, there is a pressing need to develop new environmental technologies. The emergence and development of nanotechnology and nanoscience present novel opportunities for environmental governance, as nanomaterials offer advantageous traits such as high specific surface area, catalytic activity, and photocatalytic activity. This renders nanomaterials better adsorbents, catalysts, and sensors compared to traditional materials. This article examines three methods - adsorption, filtration, and degradation - through which nanomaterials can be utilised to address environmental challenges, and the advantages and disadvantages of such methods are discussed. Finally, this article provides insights in response to the findings presented.

Single-Atom-Based Nanoenzyme in Tissue Repair.

Since the discovery of ferromagnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4 that exhibit enzyme-like activity in 2007, the research on nanoenzymes has made significant progress. With the in-depth study of various nanoenzymes and the rapid development of related nanotechnology, nanoenzymes have emerged as a promising alternative to natural enzymes. Within nanozymes, there is a category of metal-based single-atom nanozymes that has been rapidly developed due to low cast, convenient preparation, long storage, less immunogenicity, and especially higher efficiency. More importantly, single-atom nanozymes possess the capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species through various mechanisms, which is beneficial in the tissue repair process. Herein, this paper systemically highlights the types of metal single-atom nanozymes, their catalytic mechanisms, and their recent applications in tissue repair. The existing challenges are identified and the prospects of future research on nanozymes composed of metallic nanomaterials are proposed. We hope this review will illuminate the potential of single-atom nanozymes in tissue repair, encouraging their sequential clinical translation.

Research of flexible sensor based on nanomaterial

A flexible sensor is a sensor made of flexible materials, generally composed of three layers: base layer, sensing layer, and packaging layer, can be widely used in medical electronics, biological monitoring, wearable electronics and other fields. Compared with traditional electronic devices, flexible electronics have cheap substrates and can be attached to curved surfaces to achieve sensing functions, which attract researchers in different fields. In recent years, the development of nanotechnology and polymer materials has greatly promoted the innovation of flexible electronics. This paper focuses on the application of nanotechnology in flexible sensing. Through horizontal induction and analysis of nanotechnologies in polymer -based sensors, hydrogel sensors, self-powered sensors and other sensors, suggestions for continuous detection and clinical treatment of sensors are put forward vertically. Achieving the structure and intrinsic flexibility of the flexible sensor substrate, deposition of the micro-circuit onto the substrate, encapsulation without breaking the ductility condition, maximizing its conductive, thermal and mechanical response, self-powered, degradability and other properties that meet human needs are all the focus of the flexible electronics discussion. In this paper, the structure, response and drug delivery of the flexible sensor will be analyzed and discussed from the Angle of material.

Applications of nanoscale silica (silicon dioxide) in the cosmetics industry

As nanotechnology gains growing interest and popularity from a wide range of industries, in this review special focus is given to the cosmetics industry, one of the first industries to implement nanomaterials. Among the different types of extensively utilized nanoparticles, silica stands out with its unique physicochemical characteristics and favorable benefits. This article presents several common synthetic methods for nanoscale silica. In addition, its distinctive features and numerous advantages are reviewed, followed by its varieties of uses in the cosmetics industry, in terms of skin care, make-up, hair care, and dental care products. However, considering the large-scale applications of silica nanoparticles, their potentially hazardous impacts on humans and the environment cannot be overlooked. Concerns over possible health risks and environmental harms that nanoparticles may cause arise among the general public and are becoming increasingly widespread. The potential toxicity of nanoscale silica to humans and its detrimental environmental effects are also discussed in this paper. Since further incorporation of nanomaterials into cosmetics has now been limited, more thorough and detailed regulations, safety assessments, as well as toxicological investigations and characterizations are encouraged and required to allow for the future development of nanotechnology.

What We Know About the Actual Role of Traditional Probiotics in Health and Disease.

The complex relationship between probiotics and human health goes beyond their traditional function in gut health, generating considerable interest for their broad potential in disease treatment. This review explores the various functions of probiotics, highlighting their impact on the immune system, their benefits for gut and oral health, their effects on metabolic and neurological disorders, and their emerging potential in cancer therapy. We give significant importance to studying the effects of probiotics on the gut-brain axis, revealing new and non-invasive therapeutic approaches for complex neurological disorders. In addition, we expand the discussion to encompass the impact of probiotics on the gut-liver and gut-lung axes, recognizing their systemic effects and potential in treating respiratory and hepatic conditions. The use of probiotic "cocktails" to improve cancer immunotherapy outcomes indicates a revolutionary approach to oncological treatments. The review explores the specific benefits associated with various strains and the genetic mechanisms that underlie them. This study sets the stage for precision medicine, where probiotic treatments can be tailored to meet the unique needs of each patient. Recent developments in delivery technologies, including microencapsulation and nanotechnology, hold great potential for enhancing the effectiveness and accuracy of probiotic applications in therapeutic settings. This study provides a strong basis for future scientific research and clinical use, promoting the incorporation of probiotics into treatment plans for a wide range of diseases. This expands our understanding of the potential benefits of probiotics in modern medicine.

Supported silver nanoparticles over Metronidazole modified-single walled carbon nanotubes for overcoming anti-microbial properties, anti-cancer effect, and apoptosis induction on human gastric cancer cell line

One of the most important goals of current research in the medical field is to identify treatments for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and cancer. The latest developments in nanotechnology have provided opportunities to develop novel nanomaterials that can overcome the limitations of current treatments. In this regard, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered potential nano-tools with attractive implications. The analysis of MTZ/SWCNT/AgNPs in this study was done using different techniques, including SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, and EDX. Antibacterial activity was assessed for MTN/SWCNT/AgNPs against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The effects of MTZ/SWCNTs/AgNPs on mitochondrial and apoptotic activities in human gastric cancer (AGS) were evaluated. Overall, new CNTs were produced efficiently. MTZ/SWCNTs/AgNPs are considered efficient antibacterial and anticancer agents for biological applications.

Nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery and drug resistance in glioma: New perspectives.

Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) having the highest incidence, and their therapeutic efficacy depends primarily on the extent of surgical resection and the efficacy of postoperative chemotherapy. The role of the intracranial blood-brain barrier and the occurrence of the drug-resistant gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase have greatly limited the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in patients with GBM and made it difficult to achieve the expected clinical response. In recent years, the rapid development of nanotechnology has brought new hope for the treatment of tumors. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown great potential in tumor therapy due to their unique properties such as light, heat, electromagnetic effects, and passive targeting. Furthermore, NPs can effectively load chemotherapeutic drugs, significantly reduce the side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs, and improve chemotherapeutic efficacy, showing great potential in the chemotherapy of glioma. In this article, we reviewed the mechanisms of glioma drug resistance, the physicochemical properties of NPs, and recent advances in NPs in glioma chemotherapy resistance. We aimed to provide new perspectives on the clinical treatment of glioma.

Green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using a Cd hyperaccumulator (Lactuca sativa L.) and its application as a Pb(II) and Cu(II) adsorbent

The proliferation of heavy metal contamination, namely, lead and copper, has emerged as a pervasive worldwide peril to human existence. One potential solution for addressing this issue is the utilization of nanoparticle adsorption, specifically for nickel oxide nanoparticles. However, to promote environmental sustainability, scholarly studies have identified green synthesis as a prospective methodology. The process of cadmium phytoremediation, although offering a potential remedy for heavy metal contamination, gives rise to apprehensions surrounding the proper disposal of cadmium hyperaccumulator plant biomass. Hence, it is imperative to establish suitable strategies for the disposition or usage of this biomass. The utilization of hyperaccumulator extracts for the eco-friendly production of nickel oxide nanoparticles remains unexplored in the current literature. The main aim of this research is to explore the possible application of Lactuca sativa L. as a plant species with the ability to accumulate high levels of cadmium. The study also seeks to examine the efficacy of utilizing these plants in the fabrication of nickel oxide nanoparticles and evaluate their capacity to absorb lead and copper ions. The characterization of nickel oxide nanoparticles is conducted through a range of techniques, encompassing scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The present work achieved successful utilization of Lactuca sativa L. extract for the manufacture of nickel oxide nanoparticles, which showed notable efficacy as an adsorbent for lead and copper. The synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using an extract from Lactuca sativa L. has demonstrated the viability of utilizing hyperaccumulator biomass in the phytoremediation of cadmium. This finding presents a promising avenue for investigating hyperaccumulator plants as potential sources for nanoparticle synthesis in the field of environment-based nanotechnology development.

Applications of Cellulose‐Based Nanomaterials for Sustainability and Therapeutics: A Review

AbstractCellulose is a natural fibrous carbohydrate, is the main structural element of plant cell walls, and is the most abundant natural polymer found in the biosphere. Due to its abundance and chemical stability, it has been used as a raw material in various industries for thousands of years. Due to developments in nanotechnology, materials that are used in macroscale abundantly are also utilized for nanomaterial design, and cellulose‐based nanomaterials have gained more interest in recent years. The unique properties of cellulose‐based nanomaterials including their chemical stability, high degree of crystallinity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tunability of their chemical (e.g., surface modification) and physical (e.g., shape) properties make them good candidates for functional nanomaterial design. This review brings advances in cellulose‐based nanomaterials for application in two major fields, sustainability and therapeutics.

Potential applications of nanomedicine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and leads to severe disability and even death in patients, causing a heavy social burden worldwide. Among the therapeutics for PD, pharmacotherapy is usually the first-line therapy and is typically the basic treatment for other therapeutics, such as surgery, exercise therapy and psychological intervention. Unfortunately, the existing PD therapeutic agents fail to cure the disease due to their low efficacy, cytotoxicity, severe side effects and poor cell targeting. With the development of nanotechnology and the emergence of nanomedicine, the application of nanomaterials has helped improve the efficacy of pharmacotherapy for PD. In the following review, the current pharmacotherapy for PD and its pros and cons are described. A summary of the nanomaterial types commonly used in nanomedicine and their applications in PD treatment is provided. Additionally, challenges related to using nanomaterials for PD pharmacotherapy are discussed.

Advanced developments in nanotechnology and nanomaterials for the oil and gas industry: A review

The utilization of nanotechnology to effectively extract oil and gas resources has garnered attention in response to the growing energy demand. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of several applications of nanotechnology in the oil and gas industry. These applications mostly involve the investigation of how nanoparticles flow through porous materials, the development of nanosensors, and the utilization of nanoparticles to enhance the effectiveness of drilling fluids and increase oil recovery. Nanotechnology is employed to investigate the transport mechanisms of hydrocarbons in nanoporous media and nanoparticles in porous media. This has emerged as a crucial method for assessing hydrocarbon resources. Nanoparticles (NPs) are employed to create temperature and magnetic sensors, as well as imaging techniques, for precise detection of reservoir characteristics and downhole conditions. Nanotechnology has proven to be highly effective in the field of drilling, showcasing its extensive range of possibilities. The addition of NPs improves the rheological properties of drilling fluids, ensures safe drilling, reduces fluid losses, seals nanopores and inhibits shale hydration, and stabilizes the wellbore. Drilling fluids containing NPs are particularly well-suited for situations with high pressure and high temperature. NPs can enhance the effectiveness of fracking fluids by improving their cleanliness, stability, and resistance to friction. Whether hot or cold, NPs show great potential for enhanced oil recovery in thermal and non-thermal chemical flooding. In conclusion, nanotechnology improves the efficiency of exploration, production as well as storage and transportation of oil and gas resources. This study aims to provide academics with a thorough comprehension of the most recent implementations of nanomaterials in the oil and gas industry, while also examining the obstacles and prospects for the future.

Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete

Abstract The development of nanotechnology has led to the creation of materials with unique properties, and in recent years, numerous attempts have been made to include nanoparticles in concrete in an effort to increase its performance and create concrete with improved qualities. Nanomaterials are typically added to lightweight concrete (LWC) with the goal of improving the composite’s mechanical, microstructure, freshness, and durability qualities. Compressive strength is the most crucial mechanical characteristic for all varieties of concrete composites. For this reason, it is essential to create accurate models for estimating the compressive strength (CS) of LWC to save time, energy, and money. In addition, it provides useful information for planning the construction schedule and indicates when the formwork should be removed. To predict the CS of LWC mixtures made with or without nanomaterials, nine different models were proposed in this study: the gradient-boosted trees (GBT), random forest, tree ensemble, XGBoosted (XGB), Keras, simple regression, probabilistic neural networks, multilayer perceptron, and linear relationship model. A total of 2,568 samples were gathered and examined. The most significant factors influencing CS during the modeling process were taken into account as input variables, including the amount of nanomaterials, cement, water-to-binder ratio, density, the content of lightweight aggregates, type of nano, fine and coarse aggregate content, and water. The performance of the suggested models was assessed using a variety of statistical measures, including the coefficient of determination (R 2), scatter index, mean absolute error, and root-mean-squared error (RMSE). The findings showed that, in comparison to other models, the GBT model outperformed the others in predicting the compression strength of LWC mixtures enhanced with nanomaterials. The GBT model produced the best results, with the greatest value of R 2 (0.9) and the lowest value of RMSE (5.286). Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis showed that the most important factor influencing the prediction of the CS of LWC enhanced with nanoparticles is the water content.

Evaluation of the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) nanoparticles synthesized by green synthesis on Caenorhabditis elegans.

In recent years, the rapid development of nanotechnology has caused the products obtained with this technology to be used more daily. Information on the effects of these products, which provide great advantages in every respect, on human health and the environment is insufficient. It has been suggested that these nanoparticles may have toxic effects on living things, mostly in animal experiments and cell cultures. In this paper, the organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), which contains a genome and biochemical ways highly similar to humans, is used to understand and reveal the metabolism of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) toxicological effects. The toxicological effects of ZnO NPs on C. elegans organisms were investigated and the results were evaluated in terms of environment and human health. C. elegans was exposed to commercial ZnO NPs and green synthesized ZnO NPs from Olea europaea (olive tree, OLE). LC50 values were determined by probit analysis (green synthesized ZnO NP LC5024h = 84.97mg/L, LC5072h = 33.27mg/L, commercial ZnO NPs LC5024h = 5.75mg/L, LC5072h = 1.91mg/L). When the survival times of C. elegans were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method, it was seen that commercial ZnO NPs were more toxic than green synthesized ZnO NPs. In MTT tests, it was clearly seen that commercial ZnO NPs and green synthesized ZnO NPs entered the cell and caused different cytotoxicity. While there was a difference between control and 0.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50mg/L doses in commercial ZnO NP applications, there were significant differences between control and 25, 50mg/L concentrations in green synthesized ZnO NP applications.

The Influence of the Variable Wettability Characteristics of Layers on the Transport of Nanoparticles in the Context of Drug Delivery in Skin Structures.

The rapid development of nanotechnology has offered the possibility of creating nanosystems that can be used as drug carriers. The use of such carriers offers real opportunities for the development of non-invasive drug delivery through skin structures. However, in addition to the ability to create suitable nanocarriers, it is also necessary to know how they move through dermal layers. The human skin consists of layers with different wettability characteristics, which greatly complicates how introduced substances move through it. In this work, an experimental study of the diffusion process of nanoparticles through partitions with different wettability properties was carried out. Conventional diffusion tests using Franz chambers were used for this purpose. We quantified how the wettability of the barrier, the number of layers, and their mutual configuration affect the transport of nanoparticles. Based on the results, an analysis of the phenomena taking place, depending on the wettability of the partition, was carried out. A model relationship was also proposed to determine the effective diffusion coefficient, taking into account the influence of the wettability and porosity of the barrier.

Application and prospect of novel nanomedicine in cancer therapy

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the application of new nanodrugs in cancer treatment has gradually become a research hotspot. In this paper, we explore the design principles, preparation methods and their anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo, and explore potential clinical applications. The results show that nanomedicine improve the therapeutic effect and reduce the side effects by achieving accurate delivery and controlled release of drugs, providing a new solution for cancer treatment. In terms of design principles, nanomdrugs mainly make use of unique properties such as small size effects, surface effects and quantum size effects of nanomaterials to combine drug molecules with nanocarriers to achieve precise delivery and controlled release of drugs. In terms of preparation methods, physical, chemical and biological methods are used to prepare nanoscale drugs with different morphology and structures. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that nanomedicines can significantly increase the concentration of the drug in the tumor cells, enhance the therapeutic efficacy, and reduce the toxicity to normal tissues. However, nanomedicine still face many challenges in the field of cancer therapy. Looking ahead, with the continuous advances in nanotechnology, it is reasonable to believe that nanomedicine will play a greater role in the field of cancer therapy. Through in-depth study of the mechanism of action of nanomedicine, optimizing the preparation process, improving the precision of the controlled drug release system, and focusing on the biological safety issues, we are expected to bring safer and more effective treatment methods for cancer patients. At the same time, the combined application of nanomedicine and other therapeutic means such as immunotherapy and gene therapy will also become a research hotspot in the future, providing more comprehensive and personalized treatment options for cancer treatment.

Pioglitazone Nanoparticles Development, Characterization, Optimization, and a Zebrafish Model Evaluation of its Teratogenic Safety

Background: New nanoparticles (NPs) and biomaterials are utilized more frequently in biological research for vaccinations, diagnostic procedures, and drug administration. Nanomaterials are materials with d50 value from 1 to 100nm. They are also found in various consumer goods, the environment, and work. Thus, it has become crucial for the appropriate development of nanotechnology to assess the safety and potential therapeutic applications of these nanomaterials. The BCS Cass II medication pioglitazone hydrochloride, used to treat hypoglycaemia, has poor bioavailability after oral treatment because it dissolves poorly in gastrointestinal fluids. background: New nanoparticles and biomaterials are utilized more frequently in biological research for vaccinations, diagnostic procedures, and drug administration. They are also found in various consumer goods, the environment, and work. Thus, it has become crucial for the appropriate development of nanotechnology to assess the safety and potential therapeutic applications of these nanomaterials. The BCS Cass II medication pioglitazone hydrochloride, used to treat hypoglycaemia, has poor bioavailability after oral treatment because it dissolves poorly in gastrointestinal fluids. Objective: This study aimed to create adjusted pioglitazone nanoparticles to decrease dose-related side effects and prolong its release when used against type 2 diabetes. objective: This study aimed to create adjusted pioglitazone nanoparticles to decrease dose-related side effects and prolong its release when used against type 2 diabetes Methods: The emulsion solvent evaporation approach was used to create nanoparticles utilising HPMC K15M and Eudragit S100 as polymers, and Tween 80 as a surfactant. On framed nanoparticles, in-vitro evaluation approaches for drug-polymer compatibility, percentage yield, particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, surface morphology, encapsulation effectiveness, and in-vitro drug release study were used, followed by in-vivo acute toxicity experiment. Conclusion: From the obtained data, it can be said that a suitable optimized formulation of pioglitazone nanoparticles was prepared, which offered extended drug release of 95% in 10 hours.

A Review of Microsphere Super-Resolution Imaging Techniques.

Conventional optical microscopes are only able to resolve objects down to a size of approximately 200 nm due to optical diffraction limits. The rapid development of nanotechnology has increased the demand for greater imaging resolution, with a need to break through those diffraction limits. Among super-resolution techniques, microsphere imaging has emerged as a strong contender, offering low cost, simple operation, and high resolution, especially in the fields of nanodevices, biomedicine, and semiconductors. However, this technology is still in its infancy, with an inadequate understanding of the underlying principles and the technology's limited field of view. This paper comprehensively summarizes the status of current research, the advantages and disadvantages of the basic principles and methods of microsphere imaging, the materials and preparation processes, microsphere manipulation methods, and applications. The paper also summarizes future development trends.

Nanotechnology and malaria: Evaluation of efficacy and toxicity of green nanoparticles.

Malaria is a global health problem that causes 1.5-2.7 million deaths worldwide each year. Resistance to antimalarial drugs in malaria parasites and to insecticides in vectors is one of the most serious issues in the fight against the disease. Moreover, the lack of an effective vaccine against malaria is still a major concern. Recent developments in nanotechnology have resulted in new prospects for the fight against malaria, especially by obtaining metal nanoparticles (NPs) that are less toxic, highly biocompatible, environmentally friendly, and less expensive. Numerous studies have been conducted on the synthesis of green NPs using plants and microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae, actinomycetes, and viruses). To our knowledge, there is no literature review that compares toxicities and antimalarial effects of some existing metallic nanoparticles revealing their advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this review is to assess the metal NPs obtained through various green synthesis processes, to display the worth of future malaria research, and to determine future strategies. The literature review revealed that there are very limited studies on green NPs covering all stages of malaria parasites. Additionally, green metal nanoparticles have yet to be studied for their possible toxic effects on infected as well as healthy erythrocytes. Moreover, the toxicities of green metal NPs obtained from various sources differed according to concentration, size, shape, synthesis method, and surface charge, indicating the necessity of optimizing the methods used in future studies. This work has investigated the effectiveness of green metal nanoparticles synthesized from different sources against malaria, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. It was concluded that studies on the toxic properties of green nanoparticles would be very important for future stages.